Aggressiveness of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines isolates to soybean and hypersensitivity responses by other plants

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines ( Xag ) causes bacterial pustule disease which can significantly reduce the production of soybean. A collection of 26 isolates of Xag from different soybean-production areas of Thailand was shown to differ with regard to aggressiveness on soybean. They also differed in their ability to induce a hypersensitive response (HR) on four cultivars of tobacco and on other plant species including pepper, tomato, cucumber, pea and sesame. Tomato was most sensitive to HR induction by Xag . Isolate KU-P-34017 caused an HR on all the plant species tested. The minimal concentration of KU-P-34017 needed to induce HR on tobacco was approximately 5 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹. A bacterium–plant interaction period of at least 2·5 h was necessary for HR, and different temperatures, relative humidity and light periods did not affect HR development. Inhibitors of eukaryotic metabolism, including cobalt chloride, lanthanum chloride and sodium orthovanadate (completely), and cycloheximide (partially) blocked the HR on tobacco, indicating the association of an active plant response. In contrast, the HR on tomato was inhibited only by cobalt chloride.     

Characterization of Elicitor-inducible Tobacco Genes Isolated by Differential Hybridization

Inducible responses in plants against pathogen attack play a major role in resistance to disease. The defense responses are mostly associated with the expression of various kinds of inducible genes. We employed differential hybridization to isolate elicitor-inducible genes (EIGs) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN) using the tobacco-fungal elicitor system. A cDNA library was constructed from tobacco leaves treated for 12 hr with hyphal wall components (HWC) prepared from Phytophthora infestans, and six EIGs were identified. Expression of all EIGs was induced after inoculation with the soybean pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (nonpathogenic on tobacco) or treatment with salicylic acid, and a variety of expression patterns of EIG mRNAs was observed. Sequence analysis of EIG cDNAs revealed similarities to genes for SAR8.2 (EIG-B39 and EIG-D14), glycine-rich protein (EIG-G7), extensin (EIG-I30), acyltransferase (EIG-I24) and unknown protein (EIG-J7). Possible roles of EIG products in disease resistance are discussed. Received 30 August 2000/ Accepted in revised form 30 November 2000     

Possible involvement of salicylic acid in systemic acquired resistance ofCucumis sativus againstSphaerotheca fuliginea

The possible involvement of salicylic acid in systemic acquired resistance ofCucumis sativus againstSphaerotheca fuliginea was studied. Cucumber plants were inoculated with tobacco necrosis virus on the cotyledons and the level of endogenous salicylic acid in the first true leaf was determined by gas chromatography. Salicylic acid increased continously from the second day after virus inoculation to the fifth day, when the same leaf was inoculated withSphaerotheca fuliginea. In healthy plants, the efficiency of exogenous salicylic acid in inducing resistance was assayed by applying aqueous solutions at different times beforeSphaerotheca fuliginea inoculation. To evaluate the level of induced resistance, the following parameters were examined by light microscopy: percentage of conidial germination, length of the hyphae derived from single conidia, number of haustoria, percentage of epidermal cells with lignified walls and of necrotic cells underlying fungal hyphae. In treated plants conidial germination was reduced, the total length of the hyphae was shorter, the number of haustoria was lower and the haustorium-containing epidermal cells had more frequently lignified walls. Moreover, an evident increase in callose deposition was observed leading to the formation of oversized papillae around the penetration pegs. These results indicate that the application of salicylic acid before inoculation withSphaerotheca fuliginea reduces the intensity of the infectious process and that salicylic acid is involved in the expression of systemic resistance in cucumber challenged by the biotrophic pathogenSphaerotheca fuliginea.     

The transmission by nematodes of tobraviruses is not determined exclusively by the virus coat protein

The coat protein gene of the nematode non-transmissible, SP5 isolate of pea early-browning tobravius was replaced with that of the highly nematode transmissible, PPK20 isolate of tobacco rattle tobravirus. Plants were infected with the recombinant virus when mechanically inoculated and the virus invaded the plants systemically. However, although the PPK20 isolate of TRV was transmitted by nematodes from these plants, the recombinant virus was not transmitted. Therefore, the virus coat protein is not the exclusive determinant of nematode transmission.     

感染烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的烟叶在显症前的荧光光谱变化

通过测试ＴＭＶ侵染叶片的叶绿素含量与荧光光谱特征的动态变化，分析影响荧光光谱的因素，在以４８０ｎｍ作为激发波长时，叶片６８５ｎｍ与７４０ｎｍ荧光强度之比（Ｆ６８５／Ｆ７４０）随着病毒侵染时间的延长而增加，叶绿素含量则随着病毒侵染时间的延长而降低，因此提出可用Ｆ６８５／Ｆ７４０与叶绿素含量之比作为ＴＭＶ早期诊断的指标。     

烟草气候斑病的发生规律及防治

１９９０－１９９４年研究结果表明，低温是诱发气候斑病的主要因素，不同品种抗性差异显著，氮钾比失调，偏施碳铵地发病严重，当大面积种植感病品种，寄主处于感病阶段，遇气温突然下降和多雨时，最易流行。在防治上，采取以农业防治为主、化学辅的有效措施。     

我国烟草业改革之路

针对目前我国烟草行业发展中存在的经营管理体制不完善、行业整体技术水平较低、“两烟“市场基本饱和、入世后国际竞争加剧及社会舆论环境对烟草行业的发展压力加大等问题,提出了深化烟草行业体制改革,大力推进企业组织结构调整,建立和完善专卖制度下适应市场经济要求的烟草市场体系等改革发展思路。     

Greenhouse and field screening of wild<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycopersicon</Emphasis> germplasm for resistance to the whitefly<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia argentifolii</Emphasis>

Thirty-two accessions of wild tomato (Lycopersicon spp.) germplasm were evaluated for resistance to the whiteflyBemisia argentifolii Bellows ⇐p; Perring in a greenhouse choice bioassay. Density data were recorded for the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces for (i) all life stages ofB. argentifolii and (ii) types I, IV, V and VI trichomes. Individual plant selections (33 from 22 wild tomato accessions) with high resistance were subsequently tested in the field to verify the resistance found in the greenhouse screening. Resistance was defined by the density of all life stages of the whitefly observed on the eight leaflets sampled at nodes 5 and 7. Only type IV trichomes had a consistent (but low) and significant negative correlation between trichome density and whitefly density for various life stages. The highest whitefly resistance was observed inLycopersicon pennellii accessions LA 716, LA 1340 and LA 2560. The most resistantL. hirsutum f.typicum accessions were LA 1777 and LA 1353. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 9, 2002.     

杜氏盐藻MAPK基因植物表达载体的构建及对烟草的转化

以载体pBI121为基础,经SmaI和BamHI单酶切后,构建了植物表达载体pBI121-MAPK,并通过农杆菌介导采用叶盘转化法将其转入烟草中,经卡那霉素抗性筛选,获得转基因抗性植株。经PCR检测表明pBI121-MAPK已整和到烟草基因组中。     

云南、福建、湖南烟区烟草花叶病主要病毒种类检测及黄瓜花叶病毒亚组鉴定

 采用抗原直接包被和双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)对采自云南、福建、湖南烟区烟草花叶病样品进行了病毒种类检测,利用三抗体夹心ELISA对黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)的亚组类型进行了鉴定。在云南采集的520个花叶病样品中,烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)、CMV和马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)总检出率分别为71.74%、55.01%和6.35%;在福建采集的150个花叶病样品中,TMV、CMV和PVY的总检出率分别为94%、24.66%和8.00%;在湖南采集的74个花叶病样品中,TMV、CMV和PVY的总检出率分别为58.11%、51.35%和2.70%。部分样品为2种以上病毒复合侵染。云南、福建和湖南采集的64个CMV阳性样品中,属亚组Ⅰ的样品为57个,占89.1%;属亚组Ⅱ的样品为10个,占15.6%;其中3个样品为亚组Ⅰ和亚组Ⅱ的复合侵染。